NB-IoT, LTE-M, satellite: which IoT connectivity to choose?

NB-IoT, LTE-M and satellite are the three long-range IoT connectivity families that cover the field when Wi-Fi and BLE stop working: a cargo ship in the Mediterranean, a 500-hectare field, a truck between Montpellier and Warsaw, or a zone with no cellular coverage at all. This guide compares cellular NB-IoT, cellular LTE-M Cat-M1 and satellite constellations (Kineis, Iridium, Orbcomm) so you can pick the right radio for your hardware.

This is the fundamental challenge of long-range IoT connectivity. Beyond the classic LPWAN comparison between LoRaWAN, NB-IoT and Sigfox, two families of technologies compete to connect remote objects: IoT-dedicated cellular networks (Narrowband and Cat-M1) and satellite links (Kinéis, Astrocast, Iridium). Each has its strengths, limits and sweet spot.

At AESTECHNO, we have been designing connected electronic products for demanding environments for over 10 years, mobile asset tracking, agricultural monitoring, maritime applications. We have integrated Cat-M1 cellular modules, Narrowband modules and Kinéis modules into industrial designs. This article gives you the technical keys to pick the right technology for your use case.

Contents

This article walks through the major long-range technology families, the technical selection criteria, hardware integration questions, our field feedback, and an actionable summary. Use the links below to jump straight to a section.

• How do NB-IoT and LTE-M work?
• Narrowband or Cat-M1: how to choose?
• Operators and global SIMs
• Why and when to choose a satellite link?
• Technology comparison summary
• Decision tree: which technology for your use case?
• Hardware integration considerations
• Our experience in long-range IoT connectivity
• Summary: the key takeaways
• FAQ

How do NB-IoT and LTE-M work?

Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT, also catalogued as LTE Cat-NB1 and Cat-NB2) and Long Term Evolution for Machines (LTE-M, also catalogued as LTE Cat-M1) are two cellular standards defined by 3GPP, designed specifically for the Internet of Things. They reuse existing mobile operator infrastructure, already-deployed 4G and 5G antennas, which avoids investing in a private network. According to Ericsson Mobility Report 2025, NB-IoT and LTE-M together carry the majority of cellular IoT connections worldwide, and per Nokia network planning guidelines both technologies are supported by all major 4G Radio Access Network (RAN) vendors.

Behind their apparent similarity, the two technologies address very different needs. Our LPWAN article introduced the first one in the context of low-power networks. Here we go further by comparing the two 3GPP IoT standards that coexist in the cellular ecosystem head-to-head. The reference releases are 3GPP Release 13 (initial NB-IoT), 3GPP Release 14 (Cat-NB2, positioning, multicast), 3GPP Release 15 (Cat-M2), and 3GPP Release 17 which adds Non-Terrestrial Networks (NTN) support, detailed in the ETSI TS 138 series (notably ETSI TS 138331 and ETSI TS 138213) and profiled by ETSI TR 103 766 for IoT-NTN interoperability.

Narrowband: ultra-low power for fixed sensors

The Narrowband standard uses a 200 kHz narrow bandwidth, which gives it exceptional radio sensitivity. In practice this translates into remarkable indoor penetration: a sensor works in a reinforced-concrete basement, an underground car park or a buried meter, environments where Wi-Fi and even LoRaWAN drop out.

Key technical characteristics:

• Throughput: about 60 kbps downlink, 30 kbps uplink, more than enough for sensor readings
• Power: Power Saving Mode (PSM) and extended Discontinuous Reception (eDRX) modes enable sub-microamp standby currents. According to 3GPP Release 14 specifications, Cat-NB2 also adds multicast and positioning primitives
• Link budget: coverage extension of +20 dB over standard LTE, per 3GPP TS 36.213, which is what enables deep indoor and underground reception
• Density: designed to support tens of thousands of devices per cell, ideal for massive smart-city deployments
• Mobility: no inter-cell handover, this technology is built for stationary objects
• Latency: in the 1 to 10 second range, depending on which power-saving mode is active

Ideal use cases: smart meters (water, gas, electricity), underground parking sensors, building monitoring, connected smoke detectors, environmental sensors in mass deployment.

Cat-M1: mobility and throughput for moving assets

The Cat-M1 standard offers a radically different profile. With a 1.4 MHz bandwidth, it reaches throughputs close to 1 Mbps, enough to transmit compressed images, firmware files or audio streams. Crucially, it supports cellular handover, which means a moving object hops from one antenna to the next without losing the connection.

Key technical characteristics:

• Throughput: up to 1 Mbps downlink and uplink, an order of magnitude above Narrowband
• Mobility: full inter-cell handover, native international roaming, compatible with high-speed asset tracking
• Voice: VoLTE (Voice over LTE) support, enabling emergency calls or voice commands
• Latency: 100 ms to 1 second, compatible with near real-time interactions
• Power: higher in active mode, but PSM and eDRX modes are also available
• OTA updates: throughput supports reliable over-the-air firmware updates

Ideal use cases: mobile asset tracking (containers, vehicles, pallets), connected wearables, connected health (telemedicine), alarms with voice communication, systems that need regular firmware updates.

Narrowband or Cat-M1: how to choose?

Choosing between Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT) and Long Term Evolution for Machines (LTE-M) is the key trade-off when specifying a cellular IoT product: NB-IoT targets fixed low-data sensors with +20 dB link budget, LTE-M targets mobile objects with handover and up to 1 Mbps throughput. The choice rests on four main dimensions: indoor penetration, mobility, real-world power profile, and operator availability in the target region. Here is our trade-off framework.

Indoor coverage: Narrowband wins thanks to a link budget about +6 dB higher. For a sensor in a basement or behind a thick concrete wall, it stays more reliable. Cat-M1 has good penetration but does not match in the toughest environments.

Mobility: clear advantage to Cat-M1. Without handover, Narrowband loses the connection on every cell change. For a maritime container crossing several countries or a truck on a motorway, only Cat-M1 guarantees a continuous connection.

Power consumption: for a sensor sending a few bytes every hour, Narrowband draws slightly less. For burst transmissions or larger data volumes, Cat-M1 is paradoxically more efficient because it transmits faster and returns to sleep sooner.

Module cost: both families sit at comparable price points. Many market modules (Quectel BG96, Nordic nRF9160, u-blox SARA-R5) support both standards simultaneously, allowing automatic switching based on available coverage.

Operator support: this is the major watch-out. Not all operators support both technologies. In France, Orange deploys both standards. In other European countries, the picture varies considerably. For an international rollout, check protocol availability country by country with your operator.

Operators and global SIMs

Operator choice is the commercial layer that sits on top of the radio technology decision, and it is as strategic as the chipset itself because it sets roaming, billing and end-of-life support for the next 8 to 10 years. For a multi-country deployment, classic operators (Orange, Vodafone, Deutsche Telekom) require complex roaming agreements. Global SIM providers radically simplify the problem.

• 1NCE: lifetime IoT plan with a single SIM, coverage in 100+ countries, extremely low per-device cost, a player that has reshaped the economics of cellular IoT connectivity
• Hologram: multi-operator platform with automatic switching to the best-performing network, cloud-based management interface
• Soracom: originally from Japan, with a strong presence in Europe and the Americas, fine-grained connectivity profile management via API

These platforms let you deploy the same hardware across multiple countries without changing SIM cards or negotiating per-country operator contracts, a substantial gain in time and logistical complexity. Per GSMA IoT SAFE guidelines, embedded SIM (eSIM) and integrated SIM (iSIM) standardised in 3GPP Release 16 remove the physical card entirely and are the direction most modules (u-blox SARA-R5, Nordic nRF9161, Sierra Wireless HL781x) are taking for high-volume deployments.

Why and when to choose a satellite link?

Satellite IoT refers to Non-Terrestrial Networks (NTN) standardised in 3GPP Release 17 and to dedicated proprietary constellations, which together transmit data from areas with no terrestrial coverage. Oceans, deserts, equatorial forests, polar regions, isolated farms, 85% of Earth’s surface has no cellular coverage. To connect objects in these environments, satellite is the only option.

The principle is direct: the object transmits a short radio message to a Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite, which relays it to a ground station, then to the cloud. This “store-and-forward” model implies high latency, minutes to hours, but guarantees truly global coverage, including the open ocean. Geostationary Orbit (GEO) links are the alternative for real-time but with higher modem power draw.

Beyond the constellations detailed below, several newer players round out the landscape, according to Orbcomm and per Sateliot product documentation. As noted by Orbcomm engineering briefs, its dual-mode cellular + satellite modems target heavy-asset tracking in mining and logistics. According to Sateliot, its LEO nanosatellites carry standard 3GPP Release 17 NB-IoT Non-Terrestrial Networks (NTN) directly, meaning a standard cellular module can roam onto the constellation without proprietary firmware. According to Skylo and per Lacuna Space product briefs, both operators offer similar NB-IoT NTN services over Low Earth Orbit (LEO), with Lacuna using LoRa-based payloads and Skylo leveraging Geostationary Orbit (GEO) links. Per the LoRa Alliance application notes, the LoRa MAC layer interoperates cleanly with Lacuna’s orbital gateways.

Kinéis: the French satellite operator

Kinéis is a French satellite operator based in Toulouse, spun off from CLS (Collecte Localisation Satellites) and the CNES. Its constellation of 25 nanosatellites, launched between 2023 and 2025, is dedicated to IoT with an approach radically different from traditional operators.

Strengths for IoT:

• Very low power: modules transmit messages of a few dozen bytes in a few seconds, with power budgets compatible with multi-year battery operation
• Global coverage: including oceans, poles and totally isolated regions
• Optimised short messages: built for sensor data (position, temperature, pressure, level), not for streaming
• French ecosystem: French-language technical support, proximity with engineering teams, native European regulatory compliance

Use cases: maritime tracking (buoys, ships, deep-sea containers), agricultural monitoring in white zones, wildlife tracking, herd management on alpine pastures, environmental monitoring in remote areas.

Astrocast: the Swiss alternative

Astrocast is a Swiss operator deploying an L-band nanosatellite constellation for IoT. Its positioning is similar to Kinéis: short messages, low power, global coverage. The platform offers a compact module and integration APIs for IoT product developers.

Iridium Short Burst Data (SBD): the historical player

The Iridium network has been operational since the late 1990s. With 66 interconnected low-Earth-orbit satellites, it offers real-time global coverage, without the store-and-forward latency of newer constellations. The SBD (Short Burst Data) service transmits 340-byte messages with seconds-level latency.

The flip side: Iridium modules consume significantly more than Kinéis or Astrocast, and subscription costs are markedly higher. Iridium remains relevant for applications that need low latency and proven reliability, maritime safety, crisis management, ocean fleet tracking.

Globalstar and Swarm: two alternative approaches

Globalstar offers asset-tracking services through its SPOT beacons and OEM modules. Its network covers most land areas but has gaps over the oceans. The ecosystem is mature and well suited to vehicle and equipment tracking in rural zones.

Swarm, acquired by SpaceX, bets on a very low entry cost with compact modules. The trade-off is throughput: transmissions are slow and messages very short. For use cases where a few bytes per day are enough (GPS position + one sensor reading), Swarm offers an attractive cost/coverage ratio.

What about Starlink?

Starlink is sometimes mentioned in IoT connectivity discussions, but it is not suited to this market. Terminals consume tens of watts, weigh several kilograms, and need continuous power. Monthly subscription cost is sized for residential broadband, not for a sensor pushing 50 bytes per hour. Starlink solves a completely different problem, Internet access in rural areas, and does not compete with low-power satellite IoT solutions.

Strengths and limits of satellite links

The strengths are clear:

• Truly global coverage, with no ground infrastructure on the user side
• Works on the open ocean, in the desert, in the Arctic
• Independence from cellular operators and their geographic coverage

The constraints are just as real:

• Latency: minutes to hours for store-and-forward constellations (Kinéis, Astrocast). Only Iridium offers near-real-time
• Data volume: messages capped at a few dozen bytes (10-340 depending on operator). No images, no files
• Sky visibility: the antenna must “see” the satellite. No indoor, tunnel or basement coverage. Antenna placement on the product is a critical design point
• Regulatory complexity: satellite frequencies are regulated differently across countries. Terminal homologation can be more complex than for a standard cellular module
• Module cost: still higher than cellular modules, although the gap narrows with new constellations

Technology comparison summary

The technology comparison summary below is a side-by-side reference for NB-IoT, LTE-M, LoRaWAN and Kineis satellite across range, throughput, latency, power and typical deployment patterns, calibrated against 3GPP Release 13 to 17 specifications and operator field data. It complements the LPWAN comparison by adding Cat-M1 and satellite.

Criterion	NB-IoT	LTE-M	LoRaWAN	Satellite (Kinéis)
Range	Cellular coverage	Cellular coverage	2-15 km	Global
Throughput	~60 kbps	~1 Mbps	0.3-50 kbps	1-100 bps
Latency	1-10 s	100 ms – 1 s	1-5 s	Minutes to hours
Power	Very low	Low	Very low	Low (Kinéis)
Monthly cost / device	Very low (1NCE)	Low	Free (private) or low	Medium
Indoor coverage	Excellent	Good	Good	None (clear sky required)
Mobility	Limited (no handover)	Excellent	Limited	Global
Required infrastructure	Operator network	Operator network	Private gateways	None (constellation)
Optimal use	Fixed sensors, smart metering	Mobile assets, wearables	Private networks, campus	Maritime, isolated areas

Source: AESTECHNO analysis based on 3GPP Release 14-17 specs, Kinéis documentation, and field integration feedback.

Decision tree: which technology for your use case?

The decision tree below maps use-case attributes (mobility, data volume, coverage profile, battery target) onto the four connectivity families (NB-IoT, LTE-M, LoRaWAN, satellite), giving a first-pass recommendation that is later refined through power budget and certification analysis. Pick the first line that matches your context and apply the associated recommendation.

Fixed sensor in a cellular operator coverage area

Go with Narrowband (NB-IoT). Its superior indoor penetration, minimal power consumption for periodic small-volume sends, and ability to handle thousands of devices per cell make it the natural choice. Examples: water meters in basements, parking sensors under asphalt, building monitoring.

Mobile asset crossing multiple coverage zones

Choose Cat-M1 (LTE-M). Cellular handover keeps the connection alive even at high speed. The higher throughput enables assisted geolocation, OTA firmware updates, and richer data uploads. Examples: intermodal maritime containers, vehicle fleets, portable medical equipment.

Campus, factory, or defined geographic area

A private LoRaWAN network remains unbeatable in TCO for mass deployments inside a controlled perimeter. No operator subscription, full infrastructure control. See our complete LPWAN guide for sizing.

Ocean, desert, mountain, area with no coverage

Satellite is the only option. Kinéis stands out for its low power and French ecosystem, which simplifies integration and support. For low-latency cases, Iridium SBD remains the reference despite a higher cost.

The best architecture: dual-mode

For products that traverse varied environments, a container that leaves a European port, crosses the Atlantic and lands in an American port, the optimal architecture combines Cat-M1 as primary connectivity and satellite as fallback. The product uses the cellular network when available (port areas, land routes) and switches automatically to the constellation in open sea or in white zones.

This dual-mode approach complicates the RF board design (two radio chains, two antennas, switching logic) but offers truly universal coverage. We see this architecture becoming the norm in global asset-tracking projects.

Hardware integration considerations

Hardware integration for cellular and satellite IoT is the discipline of fitting antennas, Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs), RF filters, eSIM sockets and protection networks into a rugged enclosure while respecting certification and battery-life targets. Each family imposes its own challenges on IoT hardware design: antenna, power management, security, certification. Here are the points that separate a prototype that boots from a product that holds in production.

Antenna and form factor

A cellular IoT module uses standard antennas (700-900 MHz or 1800 MHz bands depending on the operator), available in patch, chip or PCB form. Antenna design is well documented and simulation tools are accessible.

For satellite, the constraint is different: the antenna must point to the sky with a sufficient opening angle. On an enclosure mounted on a container or buoy, this dictates specific mechanical choices. Integrating the satellite antenna into an IP67+ sealed enclosure is a design exercise in itself. In our practice, we use ANSYS HFSS with AI-assisted antenna optimisation to converge quickly on a design that passes the anechoic chamber, this pre-manufacturing prediction capability is decisive when each prototype costs thousands of euros. On a recent satellite tracker project we measured antenna efficiency at 62% in our anechoic chamber versus the simulated 68%, a 6-point gap that translated directly to Time-to-First-Fix (TTFF) and allowed us to adjust the power budget before volume production.

Power consumption and energy management

Embedded power management is critical for any battery-powered IoT product. Power profiles vary considerably:

• Narrowband: PSM mode enables standby currents around the microamp. The transmit phase is brief but intense (several hundred mA). The challenge is to optimise the send frequency
• Cat-M1: comparable transmit consumption, but the network attach phase is faster, which lowers average consumption for frequent sends
• Satellite: transmit power toward an LEO spacecraft is higher than toward a cellular antenna a few kilometres away. Battery sizing must account for these current peaks

To characterise these profiles finely, in our lab we combine the Nordic PPK2 (for the dynamic RF transmit profile, 200 nA to 1 A at 100 kHz) and the Tektronix Keithley DMM7510 (7.5 digits, down to picoamps for the deep-sleep floor that the PPK2 cannot resolve). This dual instrumentation lets us predict real-world battery life before a product enters production. On a recent project we measured an LTE-M Cat-M1 network-attach burst at 310 mA peak over 1.8 s on a Sequans Monarch 2 modem, compared to 180 mA peak over 2.1 s on a Sierra Wireless HL7810, a 40% delta on peak current that directly drove our bulk-capacitor sizing to avoid Power Spectral Density (PSD) anomalies on the DCDC rail.

Security and certification

Cellular modules natively integrate transport-layer encryption via the SIM card. Data is protected over the radio link. For satellite, encryption mechanisms depend on the operator and the chosen module. In all cases, an end-to-end application-layer encryption remains essential for sensitive data. According to the IEEE and per IEC 62443 guidance on industrial cyber-security, an IoT product must combine a hardware-rooted identity (Secure Element or Trusted Platform Module (TPM)), TLS 1.3 transport, and signed firmware updates, the IEC 62443-4-2 standard explicitly calls this triad out.

On certification, cellular modules must be CE/RED certified for the European market. Using pre-certified modules, per Quectel, u-blox, Nordic Semiconductor, Sierra Wireless and Sequans datasheets, considerably simplifies the process. Satellite modules add specific regulatory constraints tied to satellite frequencies, with ETSI EN 301908 and ETSI EN 303413 (satellite Earth stations) as the reference standards in Europe, and IEC 60950-1 / IEC 62368-1 covering product safety for the host electronics.

Our experience in long-range IoT connectivity

Long-range IoT connectivity at AESTECHNO covers the end-to-end stack from radio module selection to cloud back-end, across cellular (Narrowband, Cat-M1), LPWAN (LoRaWAN, Sigfox) and satellite (Kineis, Iridium SBD) links for industrial, maritime and agricultural deployments. At AESTECHNO, we integrate Kinéis modules for satellite links on products destined for environments with no cellular coverage. This expertise has let us master the specifics of satellite design: managing transmit current peaks, designing sky-facing antennas, optimising frames for messages of a few dozen bytes. In our lab we benchmarked a Kineis transmit burst at 120 mA peak over 250 ms, with a decoupling network sized for 470 µF low-ESR that avoided the 200 mV rail droop we had measured on the first prototype.

We have also designed boards with Cat-M1 and Narrowband cellular modules for asset-tracking applications, working on optimising consumption in PSM/eDRX modes and managing multi-operator roaming via global SIM platforms.

Complete wireless portfolio. Beyond cellular and satellite, our portfolio covers all the wireless technologies deployed in customer projects, Bluetooth (Classic, BLE, 5.4 PAwR), Wi-Fi, LoRa/LoRaWAN, RFID, 5G and Cat-M1. This breadth lets us pick objectively between a cellular solution, a private LPWAN network, a satellite link, or a hybrid architecture combining several radio layers on the same product.

A concrete multi-device sync example. On a recent project, we developed a custom Bluetooth 5.4 PAwR protocol on a Nordic module handling 100 devices with sub-5 µs synchronisation across multiple targets, a level of performance that no long-range technology can deliver. This kind of result illustrates the fundamental principle: each radio technology has a domain where it is unbeatable, and the designer’s skill consists of choosing well, not forcing a universal standard.

This dual cellular and satellite capability lets us recommend the right architecture for each project and, when the use case requires it, design dual-mode electronic boards combining both technologies on a single PCB.

Advanced PCBs for demanding field environments

Cellular or satellite objects deployed in real conditions (outdoor meters, logistics trackers, industrial sensors) face vibration, thermal shock and weather. At AESTECHNO, we design industrial PCBs up to 28 layers, integrating PCB antennas optimised for cellular bands, in HDI technologies (laser µVias, buried vias) and flex/rigid-flex formats for tight form factors. These boards survive harsh environments, RF, vibration, extreme heat and cold.

CE/RED certification built in from design

Our signature: the PCB is EMC pre-compliant and IPC-aligned from the first iteration, ready for high-volume manufacturing. Thanks to our ANSYS tools (SI/PI and antenna optimisation), we validate certification before fabrication. For a product targeting the European market, this means no surprise EMC respin, the path to CE marking is secured from the design review.

Battery and BMS: multi-year battery life in real conditions

In our practice, the promise of multi-year battery life only holds when the power electronics is sized with the same rigor as the radio. Our portfolio includes many products with batteries and BMS (Battery Management System), from ultra-low-power LPWAN sensors to industrial trackers with solar recharge. This experience translates into every long-range IoT design: regulator selection, radio module power-up sequence, transmit-peak decoupling, temperature compensation.

Summary: the key takeaways

Choosing a long-range IoT connectivity technology is not a universal call but a trade-off tied to your use case. Here are the essentials to take from this article to guide your decision.

• Narrowband (NB-IoT) is the natural choice for fixed sensors with critical indoor penetration, meters, smart metering, basement detectors.
• Cat-M1 (LTE-M) is the right choice for mobile objects that cross multiple cells and need throughput for OTA firmware or voice.
• Satellite (Kinéis, Astrocast, Iridium) remains the only option outside cellular coverage, ocean, desert, polar regions, isolated farms.
• Global SIMs (1NCE, Hologram, Soracom) radically simplify multi-country deployment without negotiating each operator contract.
• Dual-mode architecture (cellular + satellite) is becoming the norm for products with global perimeter crossing covered and uncovered zones.
• Hardware integration (antenna, power, certification) makes as much difference as the radio choice, this is where production reliability is won.

Beyond the technology choice, a long-range IoT product’s success depends on hardware integration: antenna quality, energy management over the real product lifetime, CE/RED certification with no respin, component longevity. A design house that masters this whole chain turns a working prototype into a product that lasts ten years in the field.

FAQ: long-range IoT connectivity

What is the fundamental difference between NB-IoT and LTE-M?
Narrowband is optimised for fixed sensors that send little data: limited throughput, very low power, excellent indoor penetration, but no cell handover. Cat-M1 is built for mobile objects: higher throughput (~1 Mbps), full cellular handover, VoLTE support, lower latency. In short, one is for static meters and sensors, the other for tracking and wearables.

Can a single module handle both NB-IoT and LTE-M?
Yes. Several market modules (Quectel BG96/BG95, Nordic nRF9160, u-blox SARA-R5) support both standards. The product firmware can dynamically select one or the other based on available coverage. This is a sensible strategy for international deployments where each protocol’s availability varies country by country.

Is Kinéis suited to real-time maritime tracking?
Kinéis offers global coverage including oceans, which is ideal for maritime tracking. However, its store-and-forward architecture means latencies of minutes to hours between a message being sent and received on the ground. For position tracking with hourly updates, it is a perfect fit. For real-time alerts (man overboard, safety emergency), prefer Iridium SBD which delivers seconds-level latency.

What battery life can a satellite IoT module reach?
It depends heavily on transmit frequency and the chosen module. With a Kinéis module sending one message per hour and a standard-capacity battery, multi-year life is achievable. Iridium modules consume more in transmit and require more generous battery sizing. The power management circuit design, regulator, decoupling, current-peak handling, is a critical factor for real autonomy.

Do you need a SIM card for satellite connectivity?
No. Unlike cellular networks that use a SIM card to authenticate on the operator network, satellite IoT modules use their own identification mechanisms, unique module identifier, factory-programmed authentication keys. The subscription is tied to the module, not to an interchangeable SIM.

What is the extra cost of a dual-mode cellular + satellite architecture?
The dual-mode architecture adds hardware complexity (two radio modules or one combo module, two antennas, switching logic in firmware) and extra cost in components and PCB area. Connectivity costs also stack two subscriptions. This extra cost is justified for products that cross zones with and without coverage, typically intercontinental container tracking or agricultural asset monitoring across mixed zones.

Related articles

To deepen your IoT connectivity strategy, see our other resources:

• LoRaWAN, NB-IoT, Sigfox: which LPWAN network for your IoT fleet? – Full LPWAN comparison with 5-year TCO
• Bluetooth BLE: complete guide for connected objects – Short-range connectivity, mesh and beacons, PAwR protocol
• RF board design: radiofrequency design guide – Best practices for antenna and radio module integration
• Designing electronics for IoT success – Hardware design methodology for IoT products
• Industrial IoT cybersecurity: threats and solutions – Securing your cellular and satellite communications
• Power management: 3-year battery life – Techniques and measurement tools for IoT autonomy